The sight

The sense of sight let us see colours, shapes, sizes, brightness  and distances. We need light in order to see the objects. Eyes Eyes are the organs for sight. Eyes have different parts: The parts that protect the eye The eyebrows and the eyelashes prevent harmful things,  like sweat or dust, from entering the eye. There are two eyelids on each eye. The upper eyelid is  larger and it opens and closes when we blink. The tear glands produce tears.

• The parts responsible for vision:
  
  
• The iris is the coloured part of the eye. It controls the amount of light that enters the eye.
  
  
• The pupil is in the center of the iris. Light enters through the pupil to the inside of the eye.
  
  
• The lens is inside the eye. It is behind the pupil and the iris. It also helps us to see objects in focus.
  
  
• The retina is at the back of the eye. The light entering the eye travels until it reaches the retina. The optic nerve is attached to the retina.

How does the sense of sight work? How do we see?

Light enter the eye through the pupil. It travels through the lens; the lens focuses the objects we see.

When the light reaches the retina, it percieves different sensations: colour, shape and size.

This information goes to the optic nerve. This nerve carries the information to the brain.

The five senses

aalavech · The five senses and the interaction function

The knee

 

Human skeleton

Functions of the human skeleton

The human skeleton performs six major functions; support, movement, protection, production of blood cells, storage of minerals, and endocrine regulation.

1. Support

• The skeleton provides the framework which supports the body and maintains its shape.
• The pelvis, associated ligaments and muscles provide a floor for the pelvic structures.
• Without the rib cages, costal cartilages, and intercostal muscles, the lungs would collapse.

2. Movement

• The joints between bones allow movement, some allowing a wider range of movement than others, e.g. the ball and socket joint allows a greater range of movement than the pivot joint at the neck.
• Muscles, bones, and joints provide the principal mechanics for movement, all coordinated by the nervous system.

3. Protection

• The skeleton helps to protect our many vital internal organs from being damaged.
• The skull protects the brain
• The vertebrae protect the spinal cord.
• The rib cage, spine, and sternum protect the lungs, heart and major blood vessels.

4. Blood cell production

• The skeleton is the site of haematopoiesis, the development of blood cells that takes place in the bone marrow.
• In children, haematopoiesis occurs primarily in the marrow of the long bones such as the femur and tibia.
• In adults, it occurs mainly in the pelvis, cranium, vertebrae, and sternum.

5. Storage

• The bone matrix can store calcium for calcium metabolism, and bone marrow can store iron in ferritin for iron metabolism.
• However, bones are not entirely made of calcium, but a mixture of chondroitin sulfate and hydroxyapatite, the latter making up 70% of a bone.
• Hydroxyapatite is in turn composed of 39.8% of calcium, 41.4% of oxygen, 18.5% of phosphorus, and 0.2% of hydrogen by mass.
• Chondroitin sulfate is a sugar made up primarily of oxygen and carbon.

6. Endocrine regulation

• Bone cells release a hormone called osteocalcin, which contributes to the regulation of blood sugar (glucose) and fat deposition.
• Osteocalcin increases both the insulin secretion and sensitivity, in addition to boosting the number of insulin-producing cells and reducing stores of fat.

Vocabulary connected with anatomy (unit 1)

Let's revise the vocabulary of Unit 1!

Informational Texts in Science

 Informational Texts in Science

Connectors of cause

 

Connectors showing effect (result, consequence) and reason (cause)

Explanation (English): result

Explanation (Spanish): result. Per aprendre les paraules.

Explanation: (slideshare), cause and effect, Spanish

Explanation and quiz: reason and result 

Exercise 1: choose BECAUSE / BECAUSE OF

Exercise 2: two-option choice of connectors of reason (or cause)

Exercise 3: three-option multiple choice connectors of consequence (or result)

Exercise 4: three-option connectors of cause (or reason)

Exercise 5: cause and result. Three-option choice

Connectors of addition

 

Passive voice

 

Ex. 1 

                 Ex. 2

                                  Ex. 3

                                                   Ex. 4

                                                           Ex. 5

Present Simple

 

 

The verb "have got"

Watch the video and answers the different questions that are presented to you during the video.

The video contains pictures from the movie "The Croods" and the main aim of the activity is to learn and practise how to describe people and their appearance.

Ex. 1

Verb to be

Here you have mind map for the verb TO BE and the personal pronouns.

In these videos, you can watch a tutorial about the verb to be with some sentences to practice.